Literary+Concepts+and+Terms

=__**The Note Taking Guide**__=

** WHAT IS STYLE? **
Style is the combination of literary techniques a writer uses to communicate his or her substance.

** Tone **
attitude of the speaker toward the subject --- the FIRST thing is look for a pattern MAKE CATAGORY!!!! ---EMOTIONAL QUALITY OF THE PIECE OF LITERATURE

(shift):
signals a change in the character is indicated by a shift in tone ---epiphany --- stanza to stanza or chapter --- indentify the tone shift and provide examples in your writing --- *Remember to look for the change in tone.* Always mention the tone shift when discussing poetry or prose. Recognize irony!

Describing Tone:

 * Authoritative: commanding, demanding
 * Emotive:expressive. joyful, exuberant, jubillant, loving
 * Didactic (preaching): instructive, informative
 * Objective:sperated, no emotion
 * Ornate: fancy, higly descriptive
 * Scholarly: knowledgable, educational
 * Plain: monotonous, simple, basic
 * Scientific: scholarly, intellectual, factual, bland

=== Diction: Must create a catagory!!! Denotation (definiton) versus CONNOTATION (feeling) TIP: when circle words that fit together in meaning dominant impression = TONE///word choice, determines formality, connotation and denotation ===
 * archaic language: historionic, traditional, extremely formal, relates to a time period
 * formal language: reserved, proper, schorly, strange type of formal
 * colloquial language: slang, casual, creat a mood, capture a particular dialect
 * ambiguous language: broad, not very formal, casual, vague, uncertainty of the author's intention
 * inflated language:exagerrated, verbose, simple subject, want you to notice irony, flowery, want you to discuss irony
 * satirical language: not diadactic, not preachy, attacking the human vise, implies a mroal judgement
 * effusive language: packed with emotion, flowery, sentimental,

Selection of Detail: what the author chooses or not chooses to mention
(goes hand in hand with imagery)
 * verisimilitude: what is happening is real, reader buys that is true

Imagery: also creates tone, can create a realistic setting, can create empathy in the reader, a whole point is to put you in the story
(also called "selection of detail") *WHEN YOU NOTICE IMAGERY, STOP! STUDY IT! CATEGORIZE IT!*** Why does it make you feel this way?**
 * auditory: reader can ehar the sounds of the story
 * visual: reader can see the images being described
 * gustatory: reader can taste what is being described
 * tactile reader can feel it...we can touch
 * olfactory: reader can smell the scent being described
 * kinetic: sense of movement
 * organic: natural, sense of well being
 * dark and light:
 * juxtaposed:

Figurative Language:

 * metaphor:compares two very different things
 * simile: compare two things using like, as, or resembles
 * hyperbole: extreme exaggeration. typicaly illumicates some truth through gross exageration
 * understatement: saying less than the situation warrants (reveals truth)
 * personification: giving human qualities to nonhuman things
 * synecdoche/ metonymy: the use of part to refer to the whole (the white house released a statement) / (hand in marriage)
 * paradox (oxymoron): two things that appear to be contradictory to reinforce one idea (a little while, jumbo shrimp)
 * apostrophe: when you address something nonliving (Oh sweet chocolate, how i love thee) - apostrophe = chocolate

Point of View:

 * First Person: unreliable narrator, I....
 * Second Person (Beginning of ATKM)
 * Third Person: can be one person but not an I
 * Omniscient: know everything about everyone
 * Stream of Consciousness: franctic state of mind, reads as thoughts (all over the place thoughts- food, homework, boy, girl, insects...blah, blah, blah...)
 * Alternating: alternating views
 * Narrator Reliability: is narrator reliable?

Organization (including use of time):

 * narrative structure: how narrarotion of a novel or a play is presented to a reader. set up, conflict, resolutin
 * flashback: a time in a novel or play when the scene takes place in the past. gives more depth
 * framed story: story inside of a story. usually to connect larger ideas
 * formal:follows a structure. intro, body, conclusion
 * informal: skip around (slaughterhouse 5)
 * sonnet forms: 14 lines! ends with couplet with the meaning of the entire poem
 * villanelle: Mad Girl's Love Song "I think I made you up inside my head"The Dying of The Light"I wake to sleep and take my waking slow" cycle-gets faster and bigger///

Literary Terms Analyzing Contrast
!!!!(JIP) - JUXTAPOSITION, IRONY, PARADOX!!!!
 * Irony: things turn out oppositte than you expected. the author is taking you one way but ends up another way
 * Verbal Irony: the character says something different from what he or she means/speech is not always meant to be taken literally/underlined truth (the art of losing)/em dashparenthetical aside they help tell what they really think
 * Situational Irony:when what you expect to happen, it doesn't happen.
 * Dramatic Irony: the reader knows more than the character
 * Oxymoron: deafening silence, alone in a crowded room. jumbo shrimp
 * Paradox: metaphor that reveals truthwe live in what kills us
 * Juxtaposition: place two things side by sidecombination of two thingsnature - Jane Eyre

Sound (or musicality descriptors): the sound of the words of a poem -- enhances the meaning! (use when no rhyme scheme...especially)
(Try not say “flowing.”)
 * euphony: pleasant sounds, peaceful
 * cacophony: harsh sounds, discordant
 * smooth diction: without interruption, gentle descriptions
 * harsh diction: interupted descriptions, darkness

Sound Devices:

 * alliteration:same letter or syllabul sounds at the beginning of a word which is uslaly repeated throughout...for emphasis
 * consonance: the repition of specific sounds specificlly constanent
 * assonance: in poetry, the repititon of a sound or a vowel stressed syllabes newar enought to each other that echo
 * onomatopoeia:when a words spelling and pronounciation creates a sound it represents (buzz..sizzle)

Rhyme:
**Is it free verse?**
 * formal: follows a pttern of rhyming words at the ends of a stanza
 * informal: No strict pattern in stanzas
 * traditional: genrally a saying in proverbs or idioms in the form of a rhyme which has been passed down.
 * unconventional:
 * absence of:

Meter: (EX: Greek and Latin, Classical Arabic, Old English, Modern English, French....)
**Is it free verse?**
 * formal: the basic structure .. stressed sylllables follow specific patters based on numbers and alterations
 * informal:!!!!!!!
 * traditional:ha;id;foia
 * unconventional:im tired
 * absence of : ms. walls you da bomb.com

Allusion: a word or phrase dropped into a piece casually, assuming the reader is well versed in the subject matter (well known usually)
Also, within the Greek tragic tradition be aware of ideas such as:
 * historical: reference to an event important in history (wars..)
 * literary: reference to important authors and pieces of literature (Romeo and jUliet)
 * Biblical: reference to the bible ( I AM MUSLIM)
 * mythological: reference to greek and roman myths (aphrodite)
 * dramatic unity:
 * unity of action: on main action, plot
 * unity of place: should have one space
 * Unity of time: no more than 24 hours
 * hubris: excessive pride that leads to the downfall of the hero
 * catharsis: emotion outpouring
 * Shakespearean: reference to shakespeare's well known wors (Midsummer nights dream)
 * pop: reference to songs, figures, movies in pop culture

Repetition

 * words: same word being repeated throughout the piece
 * images: imagery is repeated(Fences)
 * structural: reptiion amoung entire stanzaas paragraphs (opening staements being repeated)
 * grammatical: a sequence of sentences all follow the same structure
 * rhetorical (i.e. anaphora, etc.): make it obvious to a reader that dude pay attention this is important

Sentence Types

 * loose: a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows
 * periodic: a complex sentence where the main clause is last and subordinate clause is before it
 * parallel: balance within one or more sentenes of similar phrases and clauses that have same structure

=**WHAT IS SUBSTANCE?**=
 * Substance is the meaning or theme of a work. Substance is the "significance" that you are //"So Whatting."// Substance is made more powerful by connecting to the universal or archetypal. **

===**Theme vs. Motif: Theme is a message about life, journey...it is broad and encompasses lots of different values that are importnat..blanket statement. Motif is a reoccuring idea or image that helps the them (Fences in "Fences")**===

**Universal/Archetypal Characters:**

 * Epic Hero:Harry Potter
 * Tragic Hero: FATAL FLAW, hero brings his own downfall to (usualy) pride HUBRIS
 * Byronic Hero: ROCHESTER! dark, cynical, self destructive, not knight in shining armor
 * AntiHero: DIRTY HARRY! may do good things for us, but the method is not favorable
 * Outcast: MOST POPULAR ** imcompatible with society (Jane, Adah)
 * Scapegoat: gets the blame for the conflict
 * Stranger in the Village: mysterious character that enters later in the piece who also effects the outcome in the end

**Universal/Archetypal Women:**

 * earth mother: mother that raises, not birth mother
 * temptress: seuctive, brings heros downfall
 * soul-mate:lover, romantic
 * platonic ideal:virgin Mary, completely nonsexual
 * maiden: tjhe virgin, the pure princess, may have sexual tension while platonic ideal will not
 * mother: birth mother
 * crone: evil and darkness

**Universal/Archetypal Images:**

 * Colors: symbolic always
 * Numbers: three, five, six, seven
 * Water: Baptisim, rebirth, complete change (something else, after tears, ocean, bridge)
 * Yin and Yang (Juxtaposition): Light and Dark: Knowledge and Ignorance (A tale of two cities)
 * Nature and Garden:innocence, beauty, paradise
 * Tree: life,growth, knowledge

**Universal/Archetypal Plots:**

 * Coming-of-Age (//Bildungsroman//): growing up (Nora), jane eyre
 * Mistaken Identity/Farce: to provide easy humor to an audience
 * Renewal of Life: a new beginning
 * Quest/Journey: phtysical voyage. 9/10 ends in enlightenment
 * Spiritual epiphany: character realizes something about himself he didnt know before

**Novel types:**

 * Bildungsroman: novel dealing with a coming of age basically
 * Dystopian: explores new ways of life with social and political structions. creates a morally wrong society
 * Utopian: ideal society
 * Epistolary: written letters
 * Gothic: mystery and horror in a supernatural aspect..darkk
 * Historical: set in the past and deals with historical events and political and social events as well. repesents time period accurately
 * Novella: short novel or a long short story
 * Novel of manners: deals with a certain class of soceity and their daily lives and evrything else
 * Social novel: deals with a social problem ... race, gender, equality, blah, blah

**GENDER, RACE, AND CLASS AS CONTEMPORARY "OUTCAST" THEMES**

 * Issues of Gender: Men are better than women. Women should stay at home. Man should work
 * Issues of Race: Whites are the best. western.
 * Issues of Class: educated and the dumb. rich vs poor. class.
 * Other Important Themes:**
 * ===Love: drives character's actions (jane eyre)===
 * ===Religion: either to comfort or opress===
 * ===Mortality: life or death===
 * ===Reality:===
 * ===Sanity:===
 * ===//Carpe Diem//: renissance, seize the day, seize the young women, convicning young girls your beaitiful and make most of the moment now===
 * ===Pastoral: idyllic imagery, country life is elevated, city is dark. country side is where life is truly beautiful===

**Exploring Literary "Substance" Through Philosophical Thought**

 * Romanticism (vs. Classicism vs. Realism): other page
 * Realism: other page
 * Modern Realism: other page
 * Magical Realism: realistic narritie and naturalistic technique are combined with dreams and fantasies
 * Gothicism: takes horoor and romance and supernatural things and combines them
 * Modernism: other page
 * Postmodernism: other page
 * Existentialism:
 * Absurdism:
 * Feminism:time period when fighting for womens rights. a women can do all. no chivalry needed

**Literary Theories Of Which College Board Readers Are Aware**

 * Feminist:
 * Psychoanalytic:
 * Marxist:
 * New Historicism:
 * Formalism:
 * Reader-Response